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World Renowned Plant Scientist Dr. Roger N. Beachy
Testifies Before US Senate Committee to Explain the Role of Agricultural
Biotechnology in the Battle Against Poverty
and Hunger in Developing Countries
At a July 12, 2000 hearing in Washington, DC, Donald Danforth Plant
Science Center President Roger N. Beachy appeared before the United States
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on International Economic
Policy, Export and Trade Promotion. The hearing, chaired by Nebraska Senator
Chuck Hagel, focused on the role of biotechnology in combating poverty
and hunger in developing countries. Dr. Beachy was introduced at the hearing
by Missouri Senator Christopher "Kit" Bond.
Statement of Dr. Roger N. Beachy:
Senator Hagel, members of the subcommittee, and others in attendance,
thank you for the invitation to appear before the Subcommittee on International
Economic Policy, Export and Trade Promotion. I am Roger N. Beachy, Ph.D.,
President of the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis Mo. The
Danforth Center was established in 1998 as an independent, not for profit
institution, formatted on the model of the great independent biomedical
research institutes in the US The goal of the Danforth Center is the discovery
of new knowledge in plant biology and applications of that knowledge to
develop more sustainable agriculture, to improve human nutrition and human
health, and to encourage commercial development of research discoveries.
In many ways the Danforth Center is unique in its mission, as it has dedicated
10% of its resources and facilities to conduct research specifically related
to the needs of agriculture in developing countries. This effort includes
training scientists in the development of intellectual and technical capacities
that are relevant to their home countries in the areas of plant science
and biotechnology. The website of the Center, www.danforthcenter.org
provides current information about our charter and mission statement,
and the status of current research faculty and research programs.
I welcome the opportunity to present testimony on the importance of
research on plant sciences, agriculture, food and nutrition. The particular
focus of my remarks today relate to the importance of research for the
benefit of the poor in developing countries and as an essential step in
fighting hunger and disease. Few of us deny that there are tremendous
needs around the world for adequate amounts of nutritious foods. Adequate
food and nutrition are essential to ensure the physical and intellectual
growth and development of children that leads to healthy and productive
adults. For example, it in known that:
- Malnutrition in utero leads to increased diabetes, hypertension,
and heart disease;
- Malnutrition in utero can cause effects two generations subsequent
to the mother, with impacts on intelligence and learning;
- Low calorie intake leads to kwashiorkor, marasmus, edema and other conditions;
- Vitamin A deficiencies can lead to blindness; Folic acid (a B vitamin)
deficiencies reduce intelligence.
It is estimated that 850 million people currently are undernourished
or malnourished worldwide. 70% of the world's poor are in rural areas,
60% of which are in marginal environments where intensive agriculture
is not likely to be established. The challenge is to meet the current
needs, and to prepare for the eventuality that by 2040 the world's population
will reach 9 billion. Yet, there is limited land on which to produce food
without further destroying the important forests and wilderness areas
that produce life-giving oxygen, cleanse our air, protect and sustain
biodiversity, and assure that groundwater enters the underground stores
sufficiently purified to be suitable for human consumption.
Agricultural producers in the U.S. have a growing awareness of their
duties as keepers of the environment; many are actively reducing the use
of harmful agrichemicals while maintaining highly efficient production
of safe foods. Plant scientists and agriculturists have developed better
crops and improved production methods that have enabled farmers to reduce
the use of insecticides and chemicals that control certain diseases. Methods
such as integrated pest management, no-till or low-till agriculture have
been tremendously important in this regard. Some of the success has come
through the judicious application of biotechnology to develop new varieties
of crops that resist insects and that tolerate certain herbicides. For
example, biotechnology was used to develop varieties of cotton and corn
that are resistant to attack by cotton bollworm and corn borer. These
varieties have allowed farmers to reduce the use of chemical insecticides
by between 1.5 and 2 mil gallons, while retaining or increasing crop yields.
Crops that are tolerant to certain 'friendly' herbicides have increased
no-till and low-till agriculture, reducing soil erosion and building valuable
topsoil to ensure the continued productivity of our valuable agricultural
lands.
Although biotechnology has increased productivity for American and Canadian
farmers, the technologies are not widely available or not adapted for
application in parts of the world that could benefit most. Those peoples
who most require more food and better nutrition are amongst those that
are not seeing the rewards of scientific discovery. In Asia and Africa
where rice is the main food, stem borers and other insects, and virus
and fungal diseases continue to suppress crop yields. Diseases caused
by fungi and viruses destroy crops and decrease yields of crops such as
groundnut, chickpeas, papaya, sweet potato, yams, cucumbers, melons, and
a host of other fruits and vegetables. However, modern methods of crop
improvement, coupled with better farming practices, can make a real and
significant difference in crop production in the tropical, poor regions
of the world. Biotechnology can be used to reduce crop losses due to disease,
insect attack, and post-harvest deterioration and rotting.
This is best demonstrated by several examples. Consider the virus disease
that causes a severe ringspot disease in papaya - the disease reduces
papaya production and kills the trees in Asia, in parts of Latin America,
and in Africa. Consider the virus leaf curl disease on white potatoes,
the virus that causes leaf yellowing in sweet potatoes throughout east
and central Africa. Consider the virus that causes stunting and yellowing
in rice, a disease referred to as tungro, throughout central Asia. Each
of these important diseases can be controlled through biotechnologies
that increase the resistance of these plants to the viruses.
Consider next the production of cotton in India, Pakistan, Egypt and
other countries where the boll worm, boll weevil and other insect pests
can reduce yields and farmer profits, to the point where farmers in some
parts of India commit suicide rather than face the effects that come with
financial losses. When smallholder farmers in China and South Africa grew
native cotton varieties that contain the B.t. gene for insect resistance
that was introduced by biotechnology, farmers realized between $150 and
$200 per hectare increased profits. It is estimated that more that a million
farmers (combined) in these two countries have benefited from insect resistant
varieties of cotton. The increased profit came because farmers did not
need to purchase or apply insecticides to control the pests. A related
study implies that farmers that used fewer pesticides also had fewer medical
problems and required fewer trips to doctor's offices. These are real
and tangible benefits of biotechnology.
Perhaps the most striking examples of how biotechnology can improve
human nutrition are found in varieties of rice and canola that have been
improved by biotechnology to increase the amounts of beta-carotene. This
precursor of Vitamin A is in short supply in diets in many parts of the
world. There is great hope and expectation that consumption of foods from
these crops will alleviate or reduce the chronic Vit A deficiencies in
the diets of many of the poor in Asia and Africa. Other research is underway
to use similar types of biotechnologies to increase the levels of other
vitamins, and to improve the amount of proteins in crops that have low
levels of protein, such as potatoes and cassava. Researchers are also
developing foods that can deliver certain types of therapeutic substances,
such as vaccines, that stimulate the body's defense against certain endemic
diseases.
During the past 20 years I have been privileged to participate in the
development of knowledge that contributed to certain agricultural biotechnologies.
For example, in the early 1980s my laboratory at Washington University
in St. Louis, in collaboration with scientists at Monsanto Company, developed
a method to produce plants that resist infection by certain types of virus
diseases, using biotechnology. My labs at Washington University and later
at The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, CA) also made relevant discoveries
in the areas of gene regulation, disease resistance, and vaccine development.
From the mid-1980s, when we made some of the early discoveries in biotechnology,
I have made a committed effort to apply them to improve agriculture and
human health of peoples in developing countries. The reasons for this
decision are obvious: First, there is a growing need to improve the efficiency
of food production worldwide, while decreasing reliance on agrichemicals.
Second, there is a need to increase the nutrition and healthiness of peoples
around the world. Third, there is a great need for more well-trained scientists
in developing countries that can develop and use modern methods to improve
food production and quality in developing countries. All of us here recognize
that there are many challenges to the production, preservation and distribution
of adequate food of high nutrition, and to ensure food security for all
peoples. Science can provide only part of the solution; nevertheless,
we determined to do what we could to address the needs of agriculture
in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
In 1988, with the aid of a small grant from the Rockefeller Foundation
and the agreement of the French government's public research organization
ORSTOM (now known as IRD) an ORSTOM scientist, Dr. Claude Fauquet, joined
my group at Washington University and we initiated a research project
on rice tungro virus disease. This project expanded to include developing
efficient methods to produce transgenic rice plants, and methods for tissue
culture and genetic transformation in cassava, also known as manioc. In
1991 the project was relocated with me to The Scripps Research Institute.
Through the increased support of ORSTOM, the Rockefeller Foundation and
a modest amount of support from USAID provided via a project at Michigan
State University we built a strong research group: it was designated the
'International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology' (ILTAB).
ILTAB was relocated to the Danforth Center early in 1999. Between 1991
and today, ILTAB has trained more that 130 scientists from 19 countries,
including from Africa, Asia, and Latin America; more than 70% have returned
to their home institutions and maintain contact with the Center. Trainees
have participated in research programs that are directly related to the
research needs of their home institutions.
Research at ILTAB has produced a number of successes, including:
- DNA diagnostic tools to detect plant geminiviruses;
- Worldwide databases for geminiviruses and potyviruses;
- Convenient techniques for developing transgenic rice plants;
- Transgenic varieties of rice that are tolerant to rice tungro disease;
- Transgenic varieties of rice that are resistant to bacterial blight;
- The first transgenic cassava plants;
- Transgenic varieties of cassava that exhibit resistant to African cassava
mosaic virus and east African cassava mosaic virus;
- Collaborations with scientists from around the world on research projects
on crops such as sweet potato, yams, banana, tomato, sugar cane.
These projects have been successful because of support, largely from
the French government and the Rockefeller Foundation, and because of excellent
colleagues in other countries. For example, greenhouse and field studies
of plants developed at ILTAB that are being conducted in China and other
countries in Asia are made possible because regulatory approval for tests
has been given by local governmental agencies, most of which have adapted
US guidelines and superimposed local scientific oversight. In other countries
regulations are not yet in place and testing cannot be conducted. Many
countries in Asia and Africa simply do not have the scientific capacity
or infrastructure to judge the safety issues that have come to be associated
with the use of biotechnology in food production. We, the US, have not
kept apace with the rapid growth of science and technology. We have not
looked ahead to address the issues of acceptance of transgenic crops and
foods derived therefrom, or to the acceptance of biotechnology in general.
We, the scientific community, stand ready to participate in whatever manner
we can to provide the scientific expertise and technologies that are relevant
to improve food production, nutrition, and food safety to those from developing,
poor countries. We are anxious to provide training environments, to conduct
research on tropical crops, to participate in electronic communications
that can build bridges and transfer much needed information. In short,
we want to be relevant to agriculture outside of the US as well as within
the US What is in short supply, however, are the funds that can make this
happen. We need the commitment from our government to provide the training,
and modest infrastructure, that allows scientists to create knowledge
to develop and feed themselves bread. We cannot simply send the wheat
from which to make bread. What we must do is create the atmosphere of
collaboration in science, as opposed to colonialization in science, and
work together to further the production of sufficient food of high nutritional
content to meet the needs of those that request our help. Only when such
needs are met will they be prepared to face their health needs. Only then
will vaccines be successful, and anti-HIV drugs and other pharmaceutical
treatments reach their full potential. Make no mistake about it; food
and nutrition are absolute keys to health, productivity, and social stability.
It is not too late for the US to recognize the issues, to chart the way
to collaboration, and to be the world leader to implement meaningful solutions.
Thank you for your attention and your dedication.
Respectfully submitted, July 12, 2000:
Roger N. Beachy, Ph.D.
President
Donald Danforth Plant Science Center
St. Louis, Missouri
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